Behave_ The Biology of Humans at Our Best and Worst - Robert M. Sapolsky

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Behave: The Biology of Humans at Our Best and Worst

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Also by Robert M. Sapolsky
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
INTRODUCTION
THE APPROACH IN THIS BOOK
OUR LIVES AS ANIMALS AND OUR HUMAN VERSATILITY AT BEING AGGRESSIVE
One: THE BEHAVIOR
Two: ONE SECOND BEFORE
THREE METAPHORICAL (BUT NOT LITERAL) LAYERS
THE LIMBIC SYSTEM
THE AMYGDALA
THE FRONTAL CORTEX
THE MESOLIMBIC/MESOCORTICAL DOPAMINE SYSTEM
CONCLUSIONS
Three: SECONDS TO MINUTES BEFORE
UNIVERSAL RULES VERSUS KNOBBY KNEES
CONCLUSIONS
Four: HOURS TO DAYS BEFORE
TESTOSTERONE’S BUM RAP
OXYTOCIN AND VASOPRESSIN: A MARKETING DREAM
THE ENDOCRINOLOGY OF AGGRESSION IN FEMALES
STRESS AND IMPRUDENT BRAIN FUNCTION
SOME IMPORTANT DEBUNKING: ALCOHOL
SUMMARY AND SOME CONCLUSIONS
Five: DAYS TO MONTHS BEFORE
NONLINEAR EXCITATION
“AHA” VERSUS ACTUALLY REMEMBERING
DIGGING DEEPER IN THE ASH HEAP OF HISTORY
SOME OTHER DOMAINS OF NEUROPLASTICITY
SOME CONCLUSIONS
Six: ADOLESCENCE; OR, DUDE, WHERE’S MY FRONTAL CORTEX?
THE REALITY OF ADOLESCENCE
THE NUTS AND BOLTS OF FRONTAL CORTICAL MATURATION
ADOLESCENT RISK TAKING
PEERS, SOCIAL ACCEPTANCE, AND SOCIAL EXCLUSION
EMPATHY, SYMPATHY, AND MORAL REASONING
ADOLESCENT VIOLENCE
A FINAL THOUGHT: WHY CAN’T THE FRONTAL CORTEX JUST ACT ITS AGE?
Seven: BACK TO THE CRIB, BACK TO THE WOMB
COMPLEXIFICATION
A BRIEF TOUR OF BRAIN DEVELOPMENT
STAGES
CONSEQUENCES
LET’S START AT THE VERY BEGINNING: THE IMPORTANCE OF MOTHERS
ANY KIND OF MOTHER IN A STORM
DIFFERENT ROUTES TO THE SAME PLACE
THE BIOLOGICAL PROFILE
TWO SIDE TOPICS
A KEY QUESTION
A SLEDGEHAMMER
CULTURE, WITH BOTH A BIG AND A LITTLE C
NINE LONG MONTHS
BOY AND GIRL BRAINS, WHATEVER THAT MIGHT MEAN
CONCLUSIONS
Eight: BACK TO WHEN YOU WERE JUST A FERTILIZED EGG
PART I: GENES FROM THE BOTTOM UP
PART 2: GENES FROM THE TOP DOWN—BEHAVIOR GENETICS
PART 3: SO WHAT DO GENES ACTUALLY HAVE TO DO WITH BEHAVIORS WE’RE INTERESTED IN?
CONCLUSIONS
Nine: CENTURIES TO MILLENNIA BEFORE
DEFINITIONS, SIMILARITIES, AND DIFFERENCES
COLLECTIVIST VERSUS INDIVIDUALIST CULTURES
PASTORALISTS AND SOUTHERNERS
STRATIFIED VERSUS EGALITARIAN CULTURES
POPULATION SIZE, POPULATION DENSITY, POPULATION HETEROGENEITY
THE RESIDUES OF CULTURAL CRISES
OH, WHY NOT: RELIGION
HOBBES OR ROUSSEAU
SOME CONCLUSIONS
Ten: THE EVOLUTION OF BEHAVIOR
EVOLUTION 101
BEHAVIOR CAN BE SHAPED BY EVOLUTION
THE DEMISE OF GROUP SELECTION
INDIVIDUAL SELECTION
KIN SELECTION
RECIPROCAL ALTRUISM
STANDING ON THREE LEGS
MULTILEVEL SELECTION
AND US
THE USUAL: WHERE ARE THE GENES?
THE NEXT CHALLENGE: IS EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE CONTINUOUS AND GRADUAL?
A FINAL CHALLENGE LACED WITH POLITICS: IS EVERYTHING ADAPTIVE?
Eleven: US VERSUS THEM
THE STRENGTH OF US/THEM
US
THOSE THEMS
UNIQUE REALMS OF HUMAN US/THEM-ING
MANIPULATING THE EXTENT OF US/THEM-ING
CONCLUSIONS
Twelve: HIERARCHY, OBEDIENCE, AND RESISTANCE
THE NATURE AND VARIETIES OF HIERARCHIES
RANK AND HIERARCHY IN HUMANS
THE VIEW FROM THE TOP, THE VIEW FROM THE BOTTOM
OH, WHY NOT TAKE THIS ONE ON? POLITICS AND POLITICAL ORIENTATIONS
OBEDIENCE AND CONFORMITY, DISOBEDIENCE AND NONCONFORMITY
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Thirteen: MORALITY AND DOING THE RIGHT THING, ONCE YOU’VE FIGURED OUT WHAT THAT IS
THE PRIMACY OF REASONING IN MORAL DECISION MAKING
YEAH, SURE IT IS: SOCIAL INTUITIONISM
AGAIN WITH BABIES AND ANIMALS
MR. SPOCK AND JOSEPH STALIN
CONTEXT
FOOLS RUSH IN: APPLYING THE FINDINGS OF THE SCIENCE OF MORALITY
Fourteen: FEELING SOMEONE’S PAIN, UNDERSTANDING SOMEONE’S PAIN, ALLEVIATING SOMEONE’S PAIN
“FOR” VERSUS “AS IF” AND OTHER DISTINCTIONS
EMOTIONALLY CONTAGIOUS, COMPASSIONATE ANIMALS
EMOTIONALLY CONTAGIOUS, COMPASSIONATE CHILDREN
AFFECT AND/OR COGNITION?
A MYTHIC LEAP FORWARD
THE CORE ISSUE: ACTUALLY DOING SOMETHING
CONCLUSIONS
Fifteen: METAPHORS WE KILL BY
EXAMPLE 2
EXAMPLES 3, 4, AND 5
FEELING SOMEONE ELSE’S PAIN
DISGUST AND PURITY
REAL VERSUS METAPHORICAL SENSATION
DUCT TAPE
THE METAPHORICAL DARK SIDE
A GLIMMER
Sixteen: BIOLOGY, THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM, AND (OH, WHY NOT?) FREE WILL
THREE PERSPECTIVES
DRAWING LINES IN THE SAND
BUT DOES ANYTHING USEFUL ACTUALLY COME OF THIS?
HOW THEY WILL VIEW US
POSTSCRIPT: NOW FOR THE HARD PART
Seventeen: WAR AND PEACE
SOMEWHAT BETTER ANGELS
SOME TRADITIONAL ROUTES
THE POSSIBILITIES
EPILOGUE
Acknowledgments
Appendix 1: Neuroscience 101
Appendix 2: The Basics of Endocrinology
Appendix 3: Protein Basics
Glossary of Abbreviations
Abbreviations in the Notes
Notes
Illustration Credits
Index
About the Author
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Behave_ The Biology of Humans at Our Best and Worst - Robert M. Sapolsky

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