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Empires of the Word - Nicholas Ostler
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technical
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structure
linguistic
文档概述
From Publishers WeeklyOstler's ambitious and accessible book is not a technical linguistic study—i.e., it's not concerned with language structure—but about the "growth, development and col...
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Cover
PREFACE
PROLOGUE: A CLASH OF LANGUAGES
PART I: THE NATURE OF LANGUAGE HISTORY
The language view of human history
The state of nature
Literacy and the beginning of language history
Three sisters who span the history of 4500 years
The story in brief: Language leapfrog
Sumerian—the first classical language: Life after death
FIRST INTERLUDE: WHATEVER HAPPENED TO ELAMITE?
Akkadian—world-beating technology: A model of literacy
Phoenician—commerce without culture: Canaan, and points west
Aramaic—the desert song: Interlingua of western Asia
SECOND INTERLUDE: THE SHIELD OF FAITH
Arabic—eloquence and equality: The triumph of ‘submission’
THIRD INTERLUDE: TURKIC AND PERSIAN, OUTRIDERS OF ISLAM
A Middle Eastern inheritance: The glamour of the desert nomad
Careers in parallel
Language along the Nile
Language from Huang-he to Yangtze
Whys and wherefores
Holding fast to a system of writing
Foreign relations
Coping with invasions: Egyptian undercut
Coping with invasions: Chinese unsettled
The story in brief
The character of Sanskrit
The spread of Sanskrit
The charm of Sanskrit
Sanskrit no longer alone
Greek at its acme
Who is a Greek?
What kind of a language?
Homes from home: Greek spread through settlement
Kings of Asia: Greek spread through war
A Roman welcome: Greek spread through culture
Mid-life crisis: Attempt at a new beginning
Intimations of decline
Anatolia
Consolations in age
Retrospect: The life cycle of a classic
Reversals of fortune
The contenders: Greek and Roman views
Rún: The impulsive pre-eminence of the Celts
Consilium: The rationale of Roman Imperium
Einfall: Germanic and Slavic advances
Portrait of a conquistador
An unprecedented empire
First chinks in the language barrier: Interpreters, bilinguals, grammarians
Past struggles: How American languages had spread
The Church’s solution: The lenguas generales
The state’s solution: Hispanización
Coda: Across the Pacific
Portuguese pioneers
Dutch interlopers
La francophonie
The Third Rome, and all the Russias
Curiously ineffective—German ambitions
Imperial epilogue: Kōminka
Endurance test: Seeing off Norman French
Stabilising the language
Westward Ho!
Changing perspective—English in India
The world taken by storm
Wonder upon wonder
What is old
What is new
Way to go
Three threads: Freedom, prestige and learnability
Vaster than empires
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