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Behave_ The Biology of Humans at Our Best and Worst - Robert M. Sapolsky
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2022-02-24 00:36:13
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  • Also by Robert M. Sapolsky
  • Title Page
  • Copyright
  • Dedication
  • Contents
  • INTRODUCTION
  • THE APPROACH IN THIS BOOK
  • OUR LIVES AS ANIMALS AND OUR HUMAN VERSATILITY AT BEING AGGRESSIVE
  • One: THE BEHAVIOR
  • Two: ONE SECOND BEFORE
  • THREE METAPHORICAL (BUT NOT LITERAL) LAYERS
  • THE LIMBIC SYSTEM
  • THE AMYGDALA
  • THE FRONTAL CORTEX
  • THE MESOLIMBIC/MESOCORTICAL DOPAMINE SYSTEM
  • CONCLUSIONS
  • Three: SECONDS TO MINUTES BEFORE
  • UNIVERSAL RULES VERSUS KNOBBY KNEES
  • CONCLUSIONS
  • Four: HOURS TO DAYS BEFORE
  • TESTOSTERONE’S BUM RAP
  • OXYTOCIN AND VASOPRESSIN: A MARKETING DREAM
  • THE ENDOCRINOLOGY OF AGGRESSION IN FEMALES
  • STRESS AND IMPRUDENT BRAIN FUNCTION
  • SOME IMPORTANT DEBUNKING: ALCOHOL
  • SUMMARY AND SOME CONCLUSIONS
  • Five: DAYS TO MONTHS BEFORE
  • NONLINEAR EXCITATION
  • “AHA” VERSUS ACTUALLY REMEMBERING
  • DIGGING DEEPER IN THE ASH HEAP OF HISTORY
  • SOME OTHER DOMAINS OF NEUROPLASTICITY
  • SOME CONCLUSIONS
  • Six: ADOLESCENCE; OR, DUDE, WHERE’S MY FRONTAL CORTEX?
  • THE REALITY OF ADOLESCENCE
  • THE NUTS AND BOLTS OF FRONTAL CORTICAL MATURATION
  • ADOLESCENT RISK TAKING
  • PEERS, SOCIAL ACCEPTANCE, AND SOCIAL EXCLUSION
  • EMPATHY, SYMPATHY, AND MORAL REASONING
  • ADOLESCENT VIOLENCE
  • A FINAL THOUGHT: WHY CAN’T THE FRONTAL CORTEX JUST ACT ITS AGE?
  • Seven: BACK TO THE CRIB, BACK TO THE WOMB
  • COMPLEXIFICATION
  • A BRIEF TOUR OF BRAIN DEVELOPMENT
  • STAGES
  • CONSEQUENCES
  • LET’S START AT THE VERY BEGINNING: THE IMPORTANCE OF MOTHERS
  • ANY KIND OF MOTHER IN A STORM
  • DIFFERENT ROUTES TO THE SAME PLACE
  • THE BIOLOGICAL PROFILE
  • TWO SIDE TOPICS
  • A KEY QUESTION
  • A SLEDGEHAMMER
  • CULTURE, WITH BOTH A BIG AND A LITTLE C
  • NINE LONG MONTHS
  • BOY AND GIRL BRAINS, WHATEVER THAT MIGHT MEAN
  • CONCLUSIONS
  • Eight: BACK TO WHEN YOU WERE JUST A FERTILIZED EGG
  • PART I: GENES FROM THE BOTTOM UP
  • PART 2: GENES FROM THE TOP DOWN—BEHAVIOR GENETICS
  • PART 3: SO WHAT DO GENES ACTUALLY HAVE TO DO WITH BEHAVIORS WE’RE INTERESTED IN?
  • CONCLUSIONS
  • Nine: CENTURIES TO MILLENNIA BEFORE
  • DEFINITIONS, SIMILARITIES, AND DIFFERENCES
  • COLLECTIVIST VERSUS INDIVIDUALIST CULTURES
  • PASTORALISTS AND SOUTHERNERS
  • STRATIFIED VERSUS EGALITARIAN CULTURES
  • POPULATION SIZE, POPULATION DENSITY, POPULATION HETEROGENEITY
  • THE RESIDUES OF CULTURAL CRISES
  • OH, WHY NOT: RELIGION
  • HOBBES OR ROUSSEAU
  • SOME CONCLUSIONS
  • Ten: THE EVOLUTION OF BEHAVIOR
  • EVOLUTION 101
  • BEHAVIOR CAN BE SHAPED BY EVOLUTION
  • THE DEMISE OF GROUP SELECTION
  • INDIVIDUAL SELECTION
  • KIN SELECTION
  • RECIPROCAL ALTRUISM
  • STANDING ON THREE LEGS
  • MULTILEVEL SELECTION
  • AND US
  • THE USUAL: WHERE ARE THE GENES?
  • THE NEXT CHALLENGE: IS EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE CONTINUOUS AND GRADUAL?
  • A FINAL CHALLENGE LACED WITH POLITICS: IS EVERYTHING ADAPTIVE?
  • Eleven: US VERSUS THEM
  • THE STRENGTH OF US/THEM
  • US
  • THOSE THEMS
  • UNIQUE REALMS OF HUMAN US/THEM-ING
  • MANIPULATING THE EXTENT OF US/THEM-ING
  • CONCLUSIONS
  • Twelve: HIERARCHY, OBEDIENCE, AND RESISTANCE
  • THE NATURE AND VARIETIES OF HIERARCHIES
  • RANK AND HIERARCHY IN HUMANS
  • THE VIEW FROM THE TOP, THE VIEW FROM THE BOTTOM
  • OH, WHY NOT TAKE THIS ONE ON? POLITICS AND POLITICAL ORIENTATIONS
  • OBEDIENCE AND CONFORMITY, DISOBEDIENCE AND NONCONFORMITY
  • SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
  • Thirteen: MORALITY AND DOING THE RIGHT THING, ONCE YOU’VE FIGURED OUT WHAT THAT IS
  • THE PRIMACY OF REASONING IN MORAL DECISION MAKING
  • YEAH, SURE IT IS: SOCIAL INTUITIONISM
  • AGAIN WITH BABIES AND ANIMALS
  • MR. SPOCK AND JOSEPH STALIN
  • CONTEXT
  • FOOLS RUSH IN: APPLYING THE FINDINGS OF THE SCIENCE OF MORALITY
  • Fourteen: FEELING SOMEONE’S PAIN, UNDERSTANDING SOMEONE’S PAIN, ALLEVIATING SOMEONE’S PAIN
  • “FOR” VERSUS “AS IF” AND OTHER DISTINCTIONS
  • EMOTIONALLY CONTAGIOUS, COMPASSIONATE ANIMALS
  • EMOTIONALLY CONTAGIOUS, COMPASSIONATE CHILDREN
  • AFFECT AND/OR COGNITION?
  • A MYTHIC LEAP FORWARD
  • THE CORE ISSUE: ACTUALLY DOING SOMETHING
  • CONCLUSIONS
  • Fifteen: METAPHORS WE KILL BY
  • EXAMPLE 2
  • EXAMPLES 3, 4, AND 5
  • FEELING SOMEONE ELSE’S PAIN
  • DISGUST AND PURITY
  • REAL VERSUS METAPHORICAL SENSATION
  • DUCT TAPE
  • THE METAPHORICAL DARK SIDE
  • A GLIMMER
  • Sixteen: BIOLOGY, THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM, AND (OH, WHY NOT?) FREE WILL
  • THREE PERSPECTIVES
  • DRAWING LINES IN THE SAND
  • BUT DOES ANYTHING USEFUL ACTUALLY COME OF THIS?
  • HOW THEY WILL VIEW US
  • POSTSCRIPT: NOW FOR THE HARD PART
  • Seventeen: WAR AND PEACE
  • SOMEWHAT BETTER ANGELS
  • SOME TRADITIONAL ROUTES
  • THE POSSIBILITIES
  • EPILOGUE
  • Acknowledgments
  • Appendix 1: Neuroscience 101
  • Appendix 2: The Basics of Endocrinology
  • Appendix 3: Protein Basics
  • Glossary of Abbreviations
  • Abbreviations in the Notes
  • Notes
  • Illustration Credits
  • Index
  • About the Author
  • What’s next on your reading list?
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