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Absolutely Small - Michael D. Fayer
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2022-02-24 00:25:34
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  • Title Page
  • Copyright Page
  • Preface
  • Chapter 1 - Schrödinger’s Cat
    • NOT LIKE FLIPPING COINS
    • REAL PHENOMENA CAN BEHAVE LIKE SCHRÖDINGER’S CATS
  • Chapter 2 - Size Is Absolute
    • OBSERVATION METHOD CAN MATTER
    • BIG OR SMALL—IT’S THE SIZE OF THE DISTURBANCE
    • CAUSALITY FOR BIG OBJECTS
    • NONNEGLIGIBLE DISTURBANCES MATTER
    • THERE IS ALWAYS A DISTURBANCE
    • SIZE IS ABSOLUTE
    • CAN’T CALCULATE THE FUTURE—ONLY PROBABILITIES
  • Chapter 3 - Some Things About Waves
    • WAVES HAVE VELOCITIES AND FREQUENCIES
    • OCEAN WAVES
    • SOUND WAVES
    • CLASSICAL LIGHT WAVES
    • VISIBLE LIGHT
    • ADDING WAVES TOGETHER—INTERFERENCE
    • INTERFERENCE PATTERNS AND THE OPTICAL INTERFEROMETER
  • Chapter 4 - The Photoelectric Effect and Einstein’s Explanation
    • THE WAVE PICTURE DOESN’T WORK
    • EINSTEIN GIVES THE EXPLANATION
    • RED LIGHT EJECTS SLOWER ELECTRONS THAN BLUE LIGHT
    • VERY RED LIGHT DOES NOT EJECT ELECTRONS
    • HOW FAST IS AN EJECTED ELECTRON
  • Chapter 5 - Light: Waves or Particles?
    • A NEW DESCRIPTION OF PHOTONS IN THE INTERFEROMETER
    • A PHOTON INTERFERES WITH ITSELF
    • A PHOTON CAN BE IN TWO PLACES AT ONCE
    • BACK TO SCHRÖDINGER’S CATS
    • BACK TO THE PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
  • Chapter 6 - How Big Is a Photon and the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
    • WHAT A FREE PARTICLE WAVEFUNCTION LOOKS LIKE
    • A PARTICLE WITH WELL-DEFINED MOMENTUM IS SPREAD OVER ALL SPACE
    • INTERFERENCE OF WAVES WITH DIFFERENT WAVELENGTHS
    • THE SUPERPOSITION PRINCIPLE
    • WHERE IS A PARTICLE WHEN IT IS IN A MOMENTUM SUPERPOSITION STATE?
    • THE HEISENBERG UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE
  • Chapter 7 - Photons, Electrons, and Baseballs
    • DIFFRACTION OF LIGHT
    • ELECTRONS AND PHOTONS ARE PARTICLES AND WAVES, BUT BASEBALLS ONLY PARTICLES
  • Chapter 8 - Quantum Racquetball and the Color of Fruit
    • PARTICLE IN A BOX—QUANTUM
    • ENERGIES OF A QUANTUM PARTICLE IN A BOX
    • PARTICLE IN A BOX RESULT RELATED TO REAL SYSTEMS
  • Chapter 9 - The Hydrogen Atom: The History
    • BOHR’S HYDROGEN ATOM THEORY—NOT QUITE THERE
  • Chapter 10 - The Hydrogen Atom: Quantum Theory
    • WHAT THE SCHRÖDINGER EQUATION TELLS US ABOUT HYDROGEN
    • THERE ARE FOUR QUANTUM NUMBERS
    • HYDROGEN ATOM ENERGY LEVELS
    • HYDROGEN ATOM s ORBITALS
    • SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF s ORBITALS
    • THE RADIAL DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION
    • THE SHAPES OF THE p ORBITALS
    • THE SHAPES OF THE d ORBITALS
  • Chapter 11 - Many Electron Atoms and the Periodic Table of Elements
    • THE ORBITAL SHAPES MATTER FOR ATOMS LARGER THAN HYDROGEN
    • MANY ELECTRON ATOM ENERGY LEVELS
    • THE THREE RULES FOR PUTTING ELECTRONS IN ENERGY LEVELS
    • THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS
  • Chapter 12 - The Hydrogen Molecule and the Covalent Bond
    • TWO HYDROGEN ATOMS BROUGHT CLOSE TOGETHER
    • THE BORN-OPPENHEIMER APPROXIMATION
    • FORMING BONDING MOLECULAR ORBITALS
    • BONDING AND ANTIBONDING MOLECULAR ORBITALS
    • PUTTING ELECTRONS IN MOLECULAR ORBITALS
    • THE HYDROGEN MOLECULE EXISTS BUT THE HELIUM MOLECULE DOESN’T
  • Chapter 13 - What Holds Atoms Together: Diatomic Molecules
    • SIGMA MOLECULAR ORBITALS
    • PI MOLECULAR ORBITALS
    • BONDING IN DIATOMIC MOLECULES: THE FLUORINE MOLECULE
    • THE NEON MOLECULE DOESN’T EXIST
    • THE OXYGEN MOLECULE: HUND’S RULE MATTERS
    • THE NITROGEN MOLECULE
    • SINGLE, DOUBLE, AND TRIPLE BONDS
    • HETERONUCLEAR DIATOMICS
    • VISUAL MODELS OF MOLECULES
  • Chapter 14 - Bigger Molecules: The Shapes of Polyatomic Molecules
    • PROMOTING ELECTRONS
    • HYBRID ATOMIC ORBITALS—LINEAR MOLECULES
    • HYBRID ATOMIC ORBITALS—TRIGONAL MOLECULES
    • HYBRID ATOMIC ORBITALS—TETRAHEDRAL MOLECULES
    • HYDROCARBONS WITH SINGLE BOND
    • LARGE HYDROCARBONS HAVE MULTIPLE STRUCTURES
    • DOUBLE AND TRIPLE CARBON-CARBON BONDS
  • Chapter 15 - Beer and Soap
    • ETHANOL IS A LIQUID AT ROOM TEMPERATURE, NOT A GAS
    • WATER MAKES HYDROGEN BONDS
    • WATER IS A GREAT SOLVENT
    • ETHANOL WILL UNDERGO CHEMICAL REACTIONS WITH OXYGEN
    • METHANOL IS VERY POISONOUS
    • SOAP
    • LARGE HYDROCARBONS ARE OIL AND GREASE
    • LARGE HYDROCARBONS CAN HAVE MANY STRUCTURES
    • OIL AND WATER DON’T MIX
    • THE STRUCTURE OF SOAP MOLECULES
  • Chapter 16 - Fat, It’s All About the Double Bonds
    • SATURATED AND UNSATURATED FATS
    • THE SHAPES OF FAT MOLECULES
    • SATURATED, MONOUNSATURATED, AND POLYUNSATURATED FATS
    • DOUBLE BONDS IN FATS MATTER
    • CHEMICALLY MODIFIED FATS
    • PARTIALLY HYDROGENATED AND HYDROGENATED FATS
    • HYDROGENATION OF FATS
    • READ THE LABEL
    • TRANS FATS
    • NATURE PRODUCES CIS FATS BUT CHEMICAL PROCESSING PRODUCES TRANS FATS
    • TRANS FATS CAN BE DELETERIOUS
    • WHEN ZERO IS ZERO
    • OMEGA 3 FATTY ACIDS
    • TRIGLYCERIDES
    • CHOLESTEROL
  • Chapter 17 - Greenhouse Gases
    • BURNING METHANE: NATURAL GAS
    • WHAT IS A GREENHOUSE GAS?
    • BURNING FOSSIL FUELS PRODUCES CARBON DIOXIDE
    • CARBON DIOXIDE IS A GREENHOUSE GAS BECAUSE OF QUANTUM MECHANICS
    • THE EARTH’S BLACK BODY SPECTRUM
    • CO GREENHOUSE EFFECT IS QUANTUM MECHANICAL
  • Chapter 18 - Aromatic Molecules
    • THE BENZENE DELOCALIZED PI MOLECULAR ORBITALS
    • NAPHTHALENE TREATED AS A PARTICLE IN A BOX PROBLEM
  • Chapter 19 - Metals, Insulators, and Semiconductors
    • INSULATORS
    • SEMICONDUCTORS
    • SUPERCONDUCTIVITY
  • Chapter 20 - Think Quantum
    • UNDERSTANDING WHAT WE SEE AROUND US REQUIRES SOME KNOWLEDGE OF QUANTUM MECHANICS
    • COLOR IS A QUANTUM PHENOMENON
    • ENERGY LEVELS AND COLOR COME FROM THE WAVELIKE NATURE OF PARTICLES
    • QUANTUM PHENOMENA HOLD ATOMS TOGETHER TO MAKE MOLECULES AND DETERMINE THEIR SHAPES
    • CARBON DIOXIDE IS A GREENHOUSE GAS BECAUSE OF QUANTUM EFFECTS
    • VERY HOT OBJECTS GIVE OFF VISIBLE BLACK BODY RADIATION
    • ELECTRICAL HEATING IS A QUANTUM PHENOMENON
    • ABSOLUTELY SMALL
  • Glossary
  • Index
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