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Backup & Recovery - W. Curtis Preston
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5. Database Backup

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2022-02-24 00:35:01
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  • Preface
    • I Wish I’d Had This Book
      • Only the Recovery Matters
      • Products Change
      • Backing Up Databases Is Not That Hard
      • Bare-Metal Recovery Is Not That Hard
    • How This Book Is Organized
      • Part I
      • Part II
      • Part III
      • Part IV
      • Part V
      • Part VI
    • What’s New in This Book
    • What’s Missing?
    • Speaking of BackupCentral.com
    • Conventions Used in This Book
    • How to Contact Us
    • Safari® Enabled
    • This Book Was a Team Effort
      • Contributors
      • Technical Editors
      • Horror Stories
      • Special Mention
      • I Don’t Know It All
      • How Can I Say Thanks?
  • 1. Introduction
    • 1. The Philosophy of Backup
      • Champagne Backup on a Beer Budget
      • Why Should I Read This Book?
        • Schadenfreude
        • You Never Want to Say These Words
        • You’re Curious About Open-Source Backup Products
        • You Want to Learn About Disk-Based Backup
      • Why Back Up?
        • What Will Lost Data Cost You?
        • What Will Downtime Cost You?
      • Wax On, Wax Off: Finding a Balance
        • Don’t Go Overboard
        • Get the Coverage That You Need
        • Why the Word “Volume” Instead of “Tape”?
    • 2. Backing It All Up
      • Don’t Skip This Chapter!
        • The Impossible Job That No One Wants
      • Deciding Why You Are Backing Up
      • Deciding What to Back Up
        • Plan for the Worst
        • Take an Inventory
        • Are You Backing Up What You Think You’re Backing Up?
        • Back Up All or Part of the System?
      • Deciding When to Back Up
        • Backup Levels
        • Which Levels Do You Run and When?
        • “In the Middle of the Night...”
      • Deciding How to Back Up
        • Be Ready for Anything: 10 Types of Disasters
        • Automate Your Backup
        • Plan for Expansion
        • Don’t Forget Unix mtime, atime, and ctime
        • Don’t Forget ACLs
        • Don’t Forget Mac OS Resource Forks
        • Keep It Simple, SA
      • Storing Your Backups
        • Storage in General
        • On-Site Storage
        • Off-Site Storage
      • Testing Your Backups
        • Test Everything!
        • Test Often
      • Monitoring Your Backups
        • You Can Always Make It Better
        • If It’s Not Baroque, Don’t Fix It
      • Following Proper Development Procedures
      • Unrelated Miscellanea
        • Protect Your Career
        • Get the Money Your Backups Need
      • Good Luck
  • 2. Open-Source Backup Utilities
    • 3. Basic Backup and Recovery Utilities
      • An Overview
        • How Mac OS Filesystems Are Different
        • cpio
        • ditto
        • dd
        • dump and restore
        • ntbackup
        • rsync
        • System Restore
        • tar
        • Other Utilities
      • Backing Up and Restoring with ntbackup
        • Creating a Simple Backup Configuration
        • Executing Your Simple Backup
        • Restoring with ntbackup
      • Using System Restore in Windows
        • Creating Restore Points
        • Recovering Windows Using a Restore Point
      • Backing Up with the dump Utility
        • Syntax of the dump Command
        • The Options to the dump Command
        • What a dump Backup Looks Like
      • Restoring with the restore Utility
        • Is the Backup Volume Readable?
        • Blocking Factor
        • Byte-Order Differences
        • Different Versions of dump
        • Syntax of the restore Command
        • The Options to the restore Command
      • Limitations of dump and restore
      • Features to Check For
      • Backing Up and Restoring with the cpio Utility
        • The Syntax of cpio When Backing Up
        • The Options to the cpio Command
        • Restoring with cpio
        • cpio’s Restore Options
        • Telling cpio Which Device to Use
        • Examples of a cpio Restore
        • Using cpio’s Directory Copy Feature
      • Backing Up and Restoring with the tar Utility
        • The Syntax of tar When Backing Up
        • The Options to the tar Command
        • Syntax of tar When Restoring
        • Some Other Neat Things About tar
      • Backing Up and Restoring with the dd Utility
        • Basic dd Options
        • Using dd to Copy a File or Raw Device
        • Using dd to Convert Data
        • Using dd to Determine the Block Size of a Tape
        • Using dd to Figure out the Backup Format
      • Using rsync
        • Basic rsync Syntax
        • Restoring with rsync
      • Backing Up and Restoring with the ditto Utility
        • Syntax of ditto When Backing Up
        • The Options to the ditto Command
        • Syntax of ditto when Restoring
      • Comparing tar, cpio, and dump
      • Using ssh or rsh as a Conduit Between Systems
    • 4. Amanda
      • Summary of Important Features
        • Client/Server Architecture Using Nonproprietary Tools
        • Amanda Security
        • Holding Disk
        • Backup Scheduling
        • Tape Management
        • Device Management
      • Configuring Amanda
      • Backing Up Clients via NFS or Samba
        • Backing Up Using NFS
        • Backing Up via Samba
      • Amanda Recovery
      • Community and Support Options
      • Future Plans
    • 5. BackupPC
      • BackupPC Features
      • How BackupPC Works
      • Installation How-To
        • Security Versus Ease of Use
        • Basic Sizing
        • Installing BackupPC
      • Starting BackupPC
        • Using the CGI Interface
        • Configuration Files
      • Per-Client Configuration
      • The BackupPC Community
      • The Future of BackupPC
    • 6. Bacula
      • Bacula Architecture
        • Bacula Components
        • Interaction Between Components
      • Bacula Features
      • An Example Configuration
        • Setting Up the Server
        • Initial Backup (Linux Client)
        • Initial Restore (Linux Client)
        • Windows Backup
        • Mac OS X Backup
      • Advanced Features
        • Bare-Metal Recovery
        • Backup Traffic and Storage Encryption
        • Python Script Support
        • Client Script Support
        • Autochanger Support
        • ANSI and IBM Tape Labels
        • File-Based Intrusion Detection
      • Future Directions
        • Pool Migration
        • Tracking Deleted/Renamed Files
        • Python-Based GUI Tool
        • Base Job Support
        • Client-Initiated Backups
        • Plug-in Support for File Daemons
    • 7. Open-Source Near-CDP
      • rsync with Snapshots
        • An Example
        • Beyond the Example
        • Understanding Hard Links
        • Hard-Link Copies
        • Restoring from the Backup
        • Things to Consider
      • rsnapshot
        • Platform Support
        • When Not to Use rsnapshot
        • Setting Up rsnapshot
        • The rsnapshot Community
      • rdiff-backup
        • Advantages
        • Disadvantages
        • Quick Start
        • Windows, Mac OS X, and the Future
  • 3. Commercial Backup
    • 8. Commercial Backup Utilities
      • What to Look For
      • Full Support of Your Platforms
        • Should You Back Up Special Files?
      • Backup of Raw Partitions
      • Backup of Very Large Filesystems and Files
      • Aggressive Requirements
        • LAN-Free Backup
        • Server-Free (or Serverless) Backup
        • De-Duplication Backup Systems
        • Snapshots
        • Replication
        • Near-Continuous Data Protection Systems
        • Continuous Data Protection Systems
        • Remote Office Backup
      • Simultaneous Backup of Many Clients to One Drive
      • Disk-to-Disk-to-Tape Backup
      • Simultaneous Backup of One Client to Many Drives
      • Data Requiring Special Treatment
        • Network-Mounted Filesystems
        • Custom User Scripts
        • Databases
      • Storage Management Features
        • Archives
        • Hierarchical Storage Management
        • Information Lifecycle Management
      • Reduction in Network Traffic
        • Keep Backup Traffic at the Subnet Level
        • Use Client-Side Compression
        • Incorporate Throttling
        • Storage Area Networks
      • Support of a Standard or Custom Backup Format
        • Standard Backup Formats
        • Custom Backup Formats
        • A Reality Check
      • Ease of Administration
      • Security
      • Ease of Recovery
      • Protection of the Backup Index
      • Robustness
      • Automation
      • Volume Verification
      • Cost
      • Vendor
      • Final Thoughts
    • 9. Backup Hardware
      • Decision Factors
        • Reliability
        • Duty Cycle
        • Transfer Speed
        • Flexibility
        • Time-to-Data
        • Capacity
        • Removability
        • Cost
        • Summary
      • Using Backup Hardware
        • Compression
        • Density Versus Compression
        • How Often Should I Change My Media?
        • Cartridge Care
        • Drive Care
        • Nearline and Offline Storage
      • Tape Drives
        • Tape Drives Must Be Streamed
        • Compression Makes It Harder to Stream Drives
        • Variable Speed Tape Drives
        • Helical and Linear Tape Drives Are Different
        • Cartridges Versus Cassettes
        • Midrange Tape Drive Types
      • Optical Drives
        • Optical Recording Methods
        • Optical Recording Formats
      • Automated Backup Hardware
      • Disk Targets
        • Disk-As-Disk Targets
        • Disk-As-Tape: Virtual Tape Libraries
        • Disk Features to Consider
        • Disk-As-Tape: Virtual Tape Cartridges
  • 4. Bare-Metal Recovery
    • 10. Solaris Bare-Metal Recovery
      • Using Flash Archive
        • Backup and Recovery Overview
        • Initial Considerations
      • Preparing for an Interactive Restore
        • Creating Flash Archive Images
        • Bare-Metal Recovery with Flash Archive
      • Setup of a Noninteractive Restore
        • Noninteractive Setup Files
        • Creating a Noninteractive Tape Image
        • Creating a Noninteractive Disk Image
        • Post-Recovery Procedures
      • Final Thoughts
    • 11. Linux and Windows
      • How It Works
        • If Then GOTO
        • Choosing Backup Methods
      • The Steps in Theory
        • Step 1: Back Up Important Metadata
        • Step 2: Back Up the OS with a Native Utility
        • Step 3: Boot the System from Alternate Media
        • Step 4: Restore the Boot Block Information
        • Step 5: Partition and Format the New Root Drive
        • Step 6: Restore the OS to the New Root Drive
      • Assumptions
      • Alt-Boot Full Image Method
        • Create the Bare-Metal Backup
        • Perform a Bare-Metal Recovery
      • Alt-Boot Partition Image Method
        • Create the Bare-Metal Backup
        • Perform a Bare-Metal Recovery
      • Live Method
        • Create the Bare-Metal Backup
        • Perform a Bare-Metal Recovery
      • Alt-Boot Filesystem Method
        • Create the Bare-Metal Backup
        • Perform a Bare-Metal Recovery
      • Automate Bare-Metal Recovery with G4L
        • Advantages of G4L
        • Drawbacks of G4L
        • Setting Up G4L
        • Using G4L
        • Customizing G4L
      • Commercial Solutions
    • 12. HP-UX Bare-Metal Recovery
      • System Recovery with Ignite-UX
        • Ignite-UX Overview
        • Network Services and Remote Boot Protocols
        • Differences Between HP Integrity and HP9000 Clients
      • Planning for Ignite-UX Archive Storage and Recovery
        • Considerations for the Remote Booting of Clients
        • Sizing the Recovery Archive
        • Configuring an Ignite-UX Network Server
        • Recovery Archive Management
      • Implementation Example
        • Command-Line Examples
        • Verifying Archive Contents
        • Troubleshooting Recovery Operations
      • System Cloning
      • Security
      • System Recovery and Disk Mirroring
    • 13. AIX Bare-Metal Recovery
      • IBM’s mksysb and savevg Utilities
        • mksysb and savevg Format
        • Preparing to Use mksysb and savevg
      • Backing Up with mksysb
        • mksysb Summary
        • Backing Up rootvg to Locally Attached Tape
        • Backing Up rootvg to a Remote Tape Drive
        • Backing Up to Disk
        • Making a Bootable DVD/CD from an Existing mksysb
        • Creating a CD/DVD Backup in One Step
      • Setting Up NIM
        • Setting Up a NIM Server
        • Adding a Client Definition to NIM
        • Setting a mksysb Definition for a Client
      • savevg Operations
        • Using savevg to Back Up a Volume Group
      • Verifying a mksysb or savevg Backup
      • Restoring an AIX System with mksysb
      • System Cloning
        • AIX 4.x Operating System
        • AIX 5.x Operating System
    • 14. Mac OS X Bare-Metal Recovery
      • How It Works
        • Preparing for a Bare-Metal Recovery
        • Performing a Bare-Metal Recovery
      • A Sample Bare-Metal Recovery
        • Perform the Backup
        • Recover the System
  • 5. Database Backup
    • 15. Backing Up Databases
      • Can It Be Done?
      • Confusion: The Mysteries of Database Architecture
      • The Muck Stops Here: Databases in Plain English
      • What’s the Big Deal?
      • Database Structure
        • The Power User’s View: Logical Elements of a Database
        • The DBA’s View: Physical Elements of a Database Environment
      • An Overview of a Page Change
      • ACID Compliance
      • What Can Happen to an RDBMS?
      • Backing Up an RDBMS
        • Physical and Logical Backups
        • Get Every Instance
        • Transaction Log Dumps Are Not Incremental Backups
        • Do It Yourself: Creating Your Own Backup Utility
        • Calling a Professional
      • Restoring an RDBMS
        • Loss of Any Nondata Disk
        • Loss of a Data Disk
        • Online Partial Restores
      • Documentation and Testing
      • Unique Database Requirements
    • 16. Oracle Backup and Recovery
      • Two Backup Methods
        • rman
        • User-Managed Backups
      • Oracle Architecture
        • The Power User’s View
        • The DBA’s View
        • Finding All Instances
      • Physical Backups Without rman
        • Cold Backup
        • Hot Backup
        • Debunking Hot-Backup Myths
      • Physical Backups with rman
        • Important New rman Features
        • Automating rman
      • Flashback
        • Other Commercial Backup Methods
      • Managing the Archived Redo Logs
      • Recovering Oracle
        • Using This Recovery Guide
        • Seriously, Think About rman
        • Step 1: Try Startup Mount
        • Step 2: Are All Control Files Missing?
        • Step 3: Replace Missing Control File
        • Step 4: Are All Datafiles and Redo Logs OK?
        • Step 5: Restore Damaged Datafiles or Redo Logs
        • Step 6: Is There a “Backup to Trace” of the Control File?
        • Step 7: Run the create controlfile Script
        • Step 8: Restore Control Files and Prepare the Database for Recovery
        • Step 9: Recover the Database
        • Step 10: Does “alter database open” Work?
        • Step 11: Are There Damaged Datafiles for Required Tablespaces?
        • Step 12: Restore All Datafiles in Required Tablespaces
        • Step 13: Damaged Nonrequired Datafile?
        • Step 14: Take Damaged Datafile Offline
        • Step 15: Were Any Datafiles Taken Offline?
        • Step 16: Restore and Recover Offline Datafiles
        • Step 17: Is There a Damaged Online Log Group?
        • Step 18: Are Any Rollback Segments Unavailable?
        • Step 19: Recover Tablespace Containing Unavailable Rollback Segment
        • Step 20: Is the Current Online Log Damaged?
        • Step 21: Restore and Recover All Database Files from Backup
        • Step 22: Run alter database open resetlogs
        • Step 23: Is an Active Online Redo Log Damaged?
        • Step 24: Perform a Checkpoint
        • Step 25: Is an Inactive Online Redo Log Damaged?
        • Step 26: Drop/Add a Damaged, Inactive Log Group
        • You’re Done!
      • Logical Backups
        • Performing a Logical Backup
        • Recovering with a Logical Backup
      • A Broken Record
    • 17. Sybase Backup and Recovery
      • Sybase Architecture
        • Overview of the Sybase Architecture
        • Sybase Command-Line Utilities
        • Required Environment Variables
      • The Power User’s View
        • Server
        • Engine
        • Database
        • Transaction
        • Table
        • System Table
        • Index
        • Stored Procedures
      • The DBA’s View
        • Page
        • Extent
        • Datafiles and Devices
        • Segment
        • Configuration File
        • Transaction Log
        • What Happens When Transaction Logs Fill Up?
        • The interfaces File
        • The SYBASE.sh and SYBASE.csh Files
        • Backup Server
        • Dump Device
        • Hot and Cold Backups
      • Protecting Your Database
        • dbcc: The Database Consistency Checker
        • Reorgs
        • Update Statistics
        • Configuration Audits
        • Implement Mirroring and Disk Striping
        • How to Back Up Your Servers
        • Have a Run Book
      • Backup Automation Through Scripting
        • Backup Automation Basics
        • Logical Backups
      • Physical Backups with a Storage Manager
      • Recovering Your Database
        • Recovering from a Disaster
        • Restoring from Backups
      • Common Sybase Procedures
        • Procedure 1: How to Start Sybase
        • Procedure 2: How to See Whether Your Server Is Alive
        • Procedure 3: How to Shut Down Your Server
        • Procedure 4: How to Set Server Configuration Options
        • Procedure 5: How to Set Database-Level Options
        • Procedure 6: How to Run a Query
      • Sybase Recovery Procedure
        • Step 1: Can You Connect to Your Server Using isql?
        • Step 2: Run the Stored Procedure sp_who
        • Step 3: Blocked Processes
        • Step 4: Log Suspend
        • Step 5: You Can’t Connect Using isql
        • Step 6: Check the Sybase Server Error Log
        • Step 7: Check Whether Your Server Is Running
        • Step 8: Running Server but Can’t Connect Remotely
        • Step 9: Restart Your Server
        • Step 10: Startup Failure
        • Step 11: Contact Sybase Support Immediately
        • Step 12: Able to Get Shared Memory?
        • Step 13: Master Device Failure
        • Step 14: Disk Device Failure
    • 18. IBM DB2 Backup and Recovery
      • DB2 Architecture
        • The Power User’s View
        • The DBA’s View
      • The backup, restore, rollforward, and recover Commands
        • The backup Command
        • Recovery Types
        • The restore Command
        • The rollforward Command
        • The recover Command
      • Recovering Your Database
        • Performing an In-Place Version Recovery
        • Performing a Redirected Version Recovery
        • Performing a Rollforward Recovery
        • Reorganizing Data and Collecting Statistics
    • 19. SQL Server
      • Overview of SQL Server
        • Connecting to and Administering SQL Server
        • SQL Server Authentication
      • The Power User’s View
        • Instance
        • Databases
        • Tables
        • Stored Procedures
        • Memory Management
      • The DBA’s View
        • Database Files
        • Filegroups
        • Transaction Log
        • Pages
        • Extents
        • Partitions
        • Table and Index Specifics
        • Snapshot Backups (2005)
      • Backups
        • Backup Devices
        • Recovery Models
        • Backup Types
        • Backup/Restore of System Databases
        • Viewing Information About the Backup
        • Verify Backups
        • Backup Expiration Date
        • How to Back Up
        • Transaction Log Backups
        • Master Database Backups
        • Scheduling a Backup
      • Logical (Table-Level) Backups
      • Restore and Recovery
        • Components of a Restore
        • Recovery Roadmap
        • Database Restore
        • Master Database Restore
    • 20. Exchange
      • Exchange Architecture
        • Database Structure
        • Extensible Storage Engine
        • Stores
      • Storage Groups
        • Transaction Logfiles
        • Checkpoint Files
        • Reserve Logfiles
        • General Logfile Info
        • Circular Logging
        • Other Files
        • Single Instance Storage
        • Automatic Database Maintenance
        • Storage Limits
      • Backup
        • Backup Strategy
        • Backup Types
        • Determining What to Back Up
        • Backup Methods
      • Using ntbackup to Back Up
        • Making a Basic Backup
        • Verifying the Backup
      • Restore
        • Repair or Restore?
        • Common Tasks for Repair or Restore
        • Exchange Repair
      • Exchange Restore
        • Overview
        • Restoring Exchange Mailbox or Public Folder Stores
        • Offline Database Restore
        • Recovery Storage Group
        • Overlooked (and Often Easy) Restore Methods
        • Using ntbackup to Restore
    • 21. PostgreSQL
      • PostgreSQL Architecture
        • Clusters
        • Tablespace
        • Pagefile/Datafile
        • Startup Scripts
        • System Tables
        • Large Objects
        • Rollback Process
        • Write Ahead Log
      • Backup and Recovery
        • Using pg_dump with pg_restore
        • Using pg_dump with psql
        • Using pg_dumpall with psql
      • Point-in-Time Recovery
        • Creating a Backup to Use with Point-in-Time Recovery
        • Restoring from a Point-in-Time Backup
    • 22. MySQL
      • MySQL Architecture
        • Shared Architectural Elements
        • MyISAM Storage Engine
        • InnoDB Storage Engine
        • Other Storage Engines
      • MySQL Backup and Recovery Methodologies
        • SQL-Level Backup and Recovery
        • File-Level Backup and Recovery
        • Using Point-in-Time Recovery
        • MySQL Cluster Hot Backup and Recovery
  • 6. Potpourri
    • 23. VMware and Miscellanea
      • Backing Up VMware Servers
        • VMware Architecture
        • VMware Backups
        • Using Bare-Metal Recovery to Migrate to VMware
      • Volatile Filesystems
        • Missing or Corrupted Files
        • Referential Integrity Problems
        • Corrupted or Unreadable Backup
        • Torture-Testing Backup Programs
        • Using Snapshots to Back Up a Volatile Filesystem
      • Demystifying dump
        • Dumpster Diving
        • Answers to Our Questions
        • A Final Analysis of dump
      • How Do I Read This Volume?
        • Prepare in Advance
        • Wrong Media Type
        • Bad or Dirty Drive or Tape
        • Different Drive Types
        • Wrong Compression Setting/Type
        • The Little Endian That Couldn’t
        • Block Size (Tape Volumes Only)
        • Determine the Blocking Factor
        • AIX and Its 512-Byte Block Size
        • Unknown Backup Format
        • Different Backup Format
        • Damaged Volume
        • Reading a “Flaky” Tape
        • Multiple Partitions on a Tape
        • If at First You Don’t Succeed...
      • Gigabit Ethernet
      • Disk Recovery Companies
      • Yesterday
      • Trust Me About the Backups
    • 24. It’s All About Data Protection
      • Business Reasons for Data Protection
        • Mitigating Risk
        • Reducing Costs
        • Improving Service Levels
      • Technical Reasons for Data Protection
        • Device Issues
        • External Threats
      • Backup and Archive
      • What Needs to Be Backed Up?
      • What Needs to Be Archived?
      • Examples of Backup and Archive
      • Can Open-Source Backup Do the Job?
        • Very Active Filesystems
        • Very Large Filesystems
        • Filesystems with Too Many Files
        • Information Stored in Databases
        • Information Stored on Shared Storage
      • Disaster Recovery
      • Everything Starts with the Business
        • Define the Core Competency of the Organization
        • Prioritize the Business Functions Necessary to Continue the Core Competency
        • Correlate Each System to a Business Function, and Prioritize
        • Define RPO and RTO for Each Critical System
        • Create Consistency Groups
        • Determine for Each Critical System What to Protect from
        • Determine the Costs of an Outage
        • Plan for All Types of Disasters
        • Prepare for Cost Justification
      • Storage Security
        • Plain-Text Communication
        • Poor Authentication and Authorization Systems
        • Backup Flaws
      • Conclusion
  • Index
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