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Empires of the Word - Nicholas Ostler
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2022-02-24 01:03:22
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  • Cover
  • PREFACE
  • PROLOGUE: A CLASH OF LANGUAGES
  • PART I: THE NATURE OF LANGUAGE HISTORY
    • 1 Themistocles’ Carpet
    • 2 What It Takes to Be a World Language; or, You Never Can Tell
  • The language view of human history
  • The state of nature
  • Literacy and the beginning of language history
    • PART II: LANGUAGES BY LAND
      • 3 The Desert Blooms: Language Innovation in the Middle East
      • 4 Triumphs of Fertility: Egyptian and Chinese
      • 5 Charming Like a Creeper: The Cultured Career of Sanskrit
      • 6 Three Thousand Years of Solipsism: The Adventures of Greek
      • 7 Contesting Europe: Celt, Roman, German and Slav
      • 8 The First Death of Latin
  • Three sisters who span the history of 4500 years
  • The story in brief: Language leapfrog
  • Sumerian—the first classical language: Life after death
  • FIRST INTERLUDE: WHATEVER HAPPENED TO ELAMITE?
  • Akkadian—world-beating technology: A model of literacy
  • Phoenician—commerce without culture: Canaan, and points west
  • Aramaic—the desert song: Interlingua of western Asia
  • SECOND INTERLUDE: THE SHIELD OF FAITH
  • Arabic—eloquence and equality: The triumph of ‘submission’
  • THIRD INTERLUDE: TURKIC AND PERSIAN, OUTRIDERS OF ISLAM
  • A Middle Eastern inheritance: The glamour of the desert nomad
  • Careers in parallel
  • Language along the Nile
  • Language from Huang-he to Yangtze
  • Whys and wherefores
  • Holding fast to a system of writing
  • Foreign relations
  • Coping with invasions: Egyptian undercut
  • Coping with invasions: Chinese unsettled
  • The story in brief
  • The character of Sanskrit
  • The spread of Sanskrit
  • The charm of Sanskrit
  • Sanskrit no longer alone
  • Greek at its acme
  • Who is a Greek?
  • What kind of a language?
  • Homes from home: Greek spread through settlement
  • Kings of Asia: Greek spread through war
  • A Roman welcome: Greek spread through culture
  • Mid-life crisis: Attempt at a new beginning
  • Intimations of decline
  • Anatolia
  • Consolations in age
  • Retrospect: The life cycle of a classic
  • Reversals of fortune
  • The contenders: Greek and Roman views
  • Rún: The impulsive pre-eminence of the Celts
  • Consilium: The rationale of Roman Imperium
  • Einfall: Germanic and Slavic advances
    • PART III: LANGUAGES BY SEA
      • 9 The Second Death of Latin
      • 10 Usurpers of Greatness: Spanish in the New World
      • 11 In the Train of Empire: Europe"’s Languages Abroad
      • 12 Microcosm or Distorting Mirror? The Career of English
  • Portrait of a conquistador
  • An unprecedented empire
  • First chinks in the language barrier: Interpreters, bilinguals, grammarians
  • Past struggles: How American languages had spread
  • The Church’s solution: The lenguas generales
  • The state’s solution: Hispanización
  • Coda: Across the Pacific
  • Portuguese pioneers
  • Dutch interlopers
  • La francophonie
  • The Third Rome, and all the Russias
  • Curiously ineffective—German ambitions
  • Imperial epilogue: Kōminka
  • Endurance test: Seeing off Norman French
  • Stabilising the language
  • Westward Ho!
  • Changing perspective—English in India
  • The world taken by storm
  • Wonder upon wonder
    • PART IV: LANGUAGES TODAY AND TOMORROW
      • 13 The Current Top Twenty
      • 14 Looking Ahead
  • What is old
  • What is new
  • Way to go
  • Three threads: Freedom, prestige and learnability
  • Vaster than empires
    • NOTES
    • BIBLIOGRAPHY
    • INDEX
    • ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
    • About the Author
    • PRAISE FOR Empires of the Word
    • Copyright
    • About the Publisher
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