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Linux Server Hacks, Volume Two - William von Hagen; Brian K. Jon
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4. Cool Sysadmin Tools and Tips

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2022-02-24 01:33:01
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  • Credits
    • About the Authors
    • Contributors
    • Acknowledgments
  • Preface
    • Why Linux Server Hacks, Volume Two?
    • How to Use This Book
    • How This Book Is Organized
    • Conventions Used in This Book
    • Using Code Examples
    • How to Contact Us
    • Safari® Enabled
    • Got a Hack?
  • 1. Linux Authentication
    • 1.1. Hacks 1–9: Introduction
    • Hack #1. Disable User Accounts Instantly
      • 1.2.1. Disabling Accounts on Systems That Use Local Authentication
      • 1.2.2. Disabling Accounts on Systems That Use Distributed Authentication
    • Hack #2. Edit Your Password File for Greater Access Control
    • Hack #3. Deny All Access in One Second or Less
      • 1.4.1. See Also
    • Hack #4. Customize Authentication with PAMs
      • 1.5.1. PAM Overview
      • 1.5.2. Per-Application/Service PAM Configuration Files
      • 1.5.3. PAMs Used by the login Process
      • 1.5.4. Configuration and More Configuration
      • 1.5.5. What if PAM Configuration Files Are Missing?
      • 1.5.6. See Also
    • Hack #5. Authenticate Linux Users with a Windows Domain Controller
      • 1.6.1. Software Requirements
      • 1.6.2. Critical Samba Configuration for Using Windows Authentication
      • 1.6.3. Updating /etc/nsswitch.conf
      • 1.6.4. Integrating the pam_winbind.so PAM into System Authentication
      • 1.6.5. Starting the winbindd Daemon
      • 1.6.6. Joining the Domain
      • 1.6.7. Testing Windows Authentication
      • 1.6.8. Debugging Windows Authentication Problems
      • 1.6.9. See Also
    • Hack #6. Centralize Logins with LDAP
      • 1.7.1. Installing LDAP Clients and Servers
      • 1.7.2. Configuring an OpenLDAP Server
      • 1.7.3. Migrating User, Password, and Group Entries to an LDAP Server
      • 1.7.4. Updating Client Systems to Use LDAP Authentication
      • 1.7.5. See Also
    • Hack #7. Secure Your System with Kerberos
      • 1.8.1. Installing Kerberos
      • 1.8.2. Installing and Configuring a Kerberos Server
      • 1.8.3. Installing and Configuring Kerberos Clients and Applications
      • 1.8.4. Using Kerberos for Login Authentication
      • 1.8.5. See Also
    • Hack #8. Authenticate NFS-Lovers with NIS
      • 1.9.1. Installing NIS Clients and Servers
      • 1.9.2. Setting Up an NIS Server
      • 1.9.3. Setting Up an NIS Client
      • 1.9.4. See Also
    • Hack #9. Sync LDAP Data with NIS
      • 1.10.1. The Code
      • 1.10.2. Running the Code
      • 1.10.3. See Also
  • 2. Remote GUI Connectivity
    • 2.1. Hacks 10–19: Introduction
    • Hack #10. Access Systems Remotely with VNC
      • 2.2.1. Understanding the VNC Server Startup Process
      • 2.2.2. Starting Your VNC Server
      • 2.2.3. Connecting to a VNC Server
      • 2.2.4. Customizing Your VNC Server's X Window System Environment
      • 2.2.5. Stopping Your VNC Server
      • 2.2.6. Optimizing VNC Performance
      • 2.2.7. See Also
    • Hack #11. Access VNC Servers over the Web
      • 2.3.1. Installing Java Classes and Associated Files for the VNC Server
      • 2.3.2. See Also
    • Hack #12. Secure VNC via SSH
      • 2.4.1. Forwarding Remote VNC Ports to Your Current Host
      • 2.4.2. Public or Private VNC Forwarding
      • 2.4.3. Forwarding Ports Without Remote Login
      • 2.4.4. Improving Performance with Compression
      • 2.4.5. Optimizing Graphical Updates Between Server and Viewer
      • 2.4.6. See Also
    • Hack #13. Autostart VNC Servers on Demand
      • 2.5.1. Integrating Xvnc with inetd or xinetd
      • 2.5.2. Activating XDMCP
      • 2.5.3. Starting the Viewer
      • 2.5.4. Troubleshooting Xvnc Startup
      • 2.5.5. See Also
    • Hack #14. Put Your Desktops on a Thin Client Diet
      • 2.6.1. Understanding the LTSP Client Boot Process
      • 2.6.2. Downloading and Installing the LTSP Software
      • 2.6.3. Configuring and Starting the LTSP Server
      • 2.6.4. Preparing LTSP Client Boot Media
      • 2.6.5. Booting an LTSP Client
      • 2.6.6. See Also
    • Hack #15. Run Windows over the Network
      • 2.7.1. Opening Your Connection
      • 2.7.2. Mapping Local Devices to Your Remote Session
      • 2.7.3. See Also
    • Hack #16. Secure, Lightweight X Connections with FreeNX
      • 2.8.1. Installing the FreeNX Server
      • 2.8.2. Installing the NX Client
      • 2.8.3. Configuring and Starting Your NX Client
      • 2.8.4. See Also
    • Hack #17. Secure VNC Connections with FreeNX
      • 2.9.1. Creating an NX Client Configuration for VNC
      • 2.9.2. See Also
    • Hack #18. Secure Windows Terminal Connections with FreeNX
      • 2.10.1. Creating an NX Client Configuration for a Windows Terminal Server
      • 2.10.2. See Also
    • Hack #19. Remote Administration with Webmin
      • 2.11.1. Installation
      • 2.11.2. Configure Away!
      • 2.11.3. See Also
  • 3. System Services
    • 3.1. Hacks 20–28: Introduction
    • Hack #20. Quick and Easy DHCP Setup
      • 3.2.1. Installing a DHCP Server
      • 3.2.2. Configuring Simple DHCP Services
      • 3.2.3. Fire It Up!
      • 3.2.4. See Also
    • Hack #21. Integrate DHCP and DNS with Dynamic DNS Updates
      • 3.3.1. Configuring the BIND 9 Name Server
      • 3.3.2. Configuring the ISC DHCP Server
      • 3.3.3. Starting the Services and Troubleshooting
      • 3.3.4. See Also
    • Hack #22. Synchronize Your Watches!
      • 3.4.1. Hey! My Servers Are Gone!
      • 3.4.2. See Also
    • Hack #23. Centralize X Window System Font Resources
      • 3.5.1. Billions and Billions of Fonts…
      • 3.5.2. Setting Up an X Font Server
      • 3.5.3. Copying Fonts to a Font Server
      • 3.5.4. Starting or Restarting the X Font Server
      • 3.5.5. Updating Desktop Systems to Use an X Font Server
      • 3.5.6. Troubleshooting
      • 3.5.7. Summary
      • 3.5.8. See Also
    • Hack #24. Create a CUPS Print Server
      • 3.6.1. Defining a New Printer in CUPS
      • 3.6.2. Testing CUPS Printing
      • 3.6.3. Fine-Tuning Printer Configuration in CUPS
      • 3.6.4. Enabling Remote Printing on the CUPS Server
      • 3.6.5. Troubleshooting CUPS Printing
      • 3.6.6. Summary
      • 3.6.7. See Also
    • Hack #25. Configure Linux Connections to Remote CUPS Printers
      • 3.7.1. Defining a Remote Printer in CUPS
      • 3.7.2. Summary
      • 3.7.3. See Also
    • Hack #26. Integrate Windows Printing with CUPS
      • 3.8.1. Configuring Printing from Windows 2000/XP Systems
      • 3.8.2. Server-Side Configuration for HTTP Printing
      • 3.8.3. Troubleshooting Windows Printing to CUPS Servers
      • 3.8.4. See Also
    • Hack #27. Centralize Macintosh Printing with CUPS
      • 3.9.1. Configuring Access to a Remote CUPS Server
      • 3.9.2. Server-Side Configuration for HTTP Printing
      • 3.9.3. Testing Printing from Mac OS X to Your CUPS Server
      • 3.9.4. Troubleshooting Mac OS X Printing to CUPS Servers
      • 3.9.5. See Also
    • Hack #28. Define a Secure CUPS Printer
      • 3.10.1. Enabling Remote Printing on a CUPS Server
      • 3.10.2. Restricting Printer Access to Specific IP Addresses
      • 3.10.3. Restricting Printer Access to Specific Users
      • 3.10.4. Summary
      • 3.10.5. See Also
  • 4. Cool Sysadmin Tools and Tips
    • 4.1. Hacks 29–45: Introduction
    • Hack #29. Execute Commands Simultaneously on Multiple Servers
      • 4.2.1. See Also
    • Hack #30. Collaborate Safely with a Secured Wiki
      • 4.3.1. Installing MediaWiki
      • 4.3.2. Configuring MediaWiki
      • 4.3.3. Getting Started: Data Structure
    • Hack #31. Edit Your GRUB Configuration with grubby
    • Hack #32. Give Your Tab Key a Workout
      • 4.5.1. See Also
    • Hack #33. Keep Processes Running After a Shell Exits
      • 4.6.1. Using nohup to Execute Commands
      • 4.6.2. Using disown with Background Jobs
      • 4.6.3. See Also
    • Hack #34. Disconnect Your Console Without Ending Your Session
      • 4.7.1. screen Scripting
      • 4.7.2. See Also
    • Hack #35. Use script to Save Yourself Time and Train Others
      • 4.8.1. See Also
    • Hack #36. Install Linux Simply by Booting
      • 4.9.1. Preparatory Steps
      • 4.9.2. Getting It Working
      • 4.9.3. Quick Troubleshooting
    • Hack #37. Turn Your Laptop into a Makeshift Console
      • 4.10.1. Introducing minicom
      • 4.10.2. Testing It
      • 4.10.3. Troubleshooting
    • Hack #38. Usable Documentation for the Inherently Lazy
    • Hack #39. Exploit the Power of Vim
      • 4.12.1. Recording a Vim Macro
      • 4.12.2. Creating Vim Shortcut Keys
    • Hack #40. Move Your PHP Web Scripting Skills to the Command Line
      • 4.13.1. The Code
      • 4.13.2. Running the Code
    • Hack #41. Enable Quick telnet/SSH Connections from the Desktop
      • 4.14.1. See Also
    • Hack #42. Speed Up Compiles
      • 4.15.1. Using distcc
      • 4.15.2. Distribute Compiles to Windows Machines
    • Hack #43. Avoid Common Junior Mistakes
      • 4.16.1. Don't Take the root Name in Vain
      • 4.16.2. Don't Get Too Comfortable
      • 4.16.3. Don't Perform Production Commands "Off the Cuff"
      • 4.16.4. Ask Questions
    • Hack #44. Get Linux Past the Gatekeeper
      • 4.17.1. Don't Talk Money
      • 4.17.2. Don't Talk About Linux in a Vacuum
      • 4.17.3. Don't Pitch Linux for Something It's Not Well Suited For
      • 4.17.4. Don't Be Impatient
    • Hack #45. Prioritize Your Work
      • 4.18.1. Prioritizing Tasks
      • 4.18.2. Prioritizing Projects
      • 4.18.3. Summary
  • 5. Storage Management and Backups
    • 5.1. Hacks 46–55: Introduction
    • Hack #46. Create Flexible Storage with LVM
      • 5.2.1. Logical Volume Buzzwords
      • 5.2.2. Allocating Physical Volumes
      • 5.2.3. Assigning Physical Volumes to Volume Groups
      • 5.2.4. Creating a Logical Volume from a Volume Group
      • 5.2.5. Suggestions
      • 5.2.6. See Also
    • Hack #47. Combine LVM and Software RAID
      • 5.3.1. Mirroring and Redundancy
      • 5.3.2. Overview of RAID Levels
      • 5.3.3. Combining Software RAID and LVM
      • 5.3.4. Creating RAID Devices
      • 5.3.5. Combining RAID and LVM
      • 5.3.6. See Also
    • Hack #48. Create a Copy-on-Write Snapshot of an LVM Volume
      • 5.4.1. Kernel Support for Snapshots
      • 5.4.2. Creating a Snapshot
      • 5.4.3. Mounting a Snapshot
      • 5.4.4. See Also
    • Hack #49. Clone Systems Quickly and Easily
      • 5.5.1. Building partimage
      • 5.5.2. Cloning Partitions Using partimage
      • 5.5.3. Restoring Partitions Using partimage
      • 5.5.4. Summary
      • 5.5.5. See Also
    • Hack #50. Make Disk-to-Disk Backups for Large Drives
      • 5.6.1. Convenient Removable Media Technologies for Backups
      • 5.6.2. Choosing the Right Backup Command
      • 5.6.3. The Code
      • 5.6.4. Running the Code
      • 5.6.5. Choosing What to Back Up
      • 5.6.6. Summary and Tips
    • Hack #51. Free Up Disk Space Now
    • Hack #52. Share Files Using Linux Groups
      • 5.8.1. Linux Protections 101
      • 5.8.2. Setting the umask to Create Sharable Files
      • 5.8.3. Using Directory Permissions to Set Group Membership
      • 5.8.4. See Also
    • Hack #53. Refine Permissions with ACLs
      • 5.9.1. Installing and Activating ACL Support
      • 5.9.2. Overview of Linux ACLs and Utilities
      • 5.9.3. Displaying Current ACLs
      • 5.9.4. Setting ACLs
      • 5.9.5. See Also
    • Hack #54. Make Files Easier to Find with Extended Attributes
      • 5.10.1. Getting and Installing Extended Attribute Support
      • 5.10.2. Displaying Extended Attributes and Their Values
      • 5.10.3. Setting Extended Attributes
      • 5.10.4. Removing Extended Attributes
      • 5.10.5. Searching Using Extended Attributes
    • Hack #55. Prevent Disk Hogs with Quotas
      • 5.11.1. Setting Up Disk Quotas
      • 5.11.2. Installing the Quota Software
      • 5.11.3. Entering Single-User Mode
      • 5.11.4. Editing /etc/fstab
      • 5.11.5. Initializing the Quota Configuration Files
      • 5.11.6. Configuring Your Quotas
      • 5.11.7. See Also
  • 6. Standardizing, Sharing, and Synchronizing Resources
    • 6.1. Hacks 56–62: Introduction
    • Hack #56. Centralize Resources Using NFS
      • 6.2.1. Configuring the NFS Server
      • 6.2.2. Configuring the NFS Clients
      • 6.2.3. Configuring the Service
      • 6.2.4. A Final Consideration
    • Hack #57. Automount NFS Home Directories with autofs
    • Hack #58. Keep Filesystems Handy, but Out of Your Way
      • 6.4.1. amd Configuration in a Nutshell
    • Hack #59. Synchronize root Environments with rsync
      • 6.5.1. See Also
    • Hack #60. Share Files Across Platforms Using Samba
      • 6.6.1. Setting Up Simple Samba Shares
    • Hack #61. Quick and Dirty NAS
      • 6.7.1. Selecting the Hardware
      • 6.7.2. Installing and Configuring Linux
      • 6.7.3. Configuring User Storage
      • 6.7.4. Configuring System Services
      • 6.7.5. Deploying NAS Storage
      • 6.7.6. Summary
      • 6.7.7. See Also
    • Hack #62. Share Files and Directories over the Web
      • 6.8.1. Installing and Configuring Apache's WebDAV Support
      • 6.8.2. Creating WebDAV Users and Directories
      • 6.8.3. See Also
  • 7. Security
    • 7.1. Hacks 63–68: Introduction
    • Hack #63. Increase Security by Disabling Unnecessary Services
      • 7.2.1. Examining /etc/inittab
      • 7.2.2. Optimizing Per-Runlevel Startup Scripts
      • 7.2.3. Streamlining Services Run by the Internet Daemon
      • 7.2.4. Summary
    • Hack #64. Allow or Deny Access by IP Address
      • 7.3.1. Protecting Your Machine with hosts.allow and hosts.deny
      • 7.3.2. Configuring hosts.allow and hosts.deny for Use
      • 7.3.3. Hacking the Hack
      • 7.3.4. See Also
    • Hack #65. Detect Network Intruders with snort
      • 7.4.1. Installing snort
      • 7.4.2. Configuring snort
      • 7.4.3. Starting snort
      • 7.4.4. Advanced snort
      • 7.4.5. Summary
      • 7.4.6. See Also
    • Hack #66. Tame Tripwire
      • 7.5.1. Installing Tripwire
      • 7.5.2. Tripwire's Execution Configuration File
      • 7.5.3. Tripwire's Policy Configuration File
      • 7.5.4. Preparing Tripwire for Use
      • 7.5.5. Running Your First Filesystem Integrity Check
      • 7.5.6. TripWire Tips
    • Hack #67. Verify Fileystem Integrity with Afick
      • 7.6.1. Installing Afick
      • 7.6.2. Configuring Afick to Match Your System
      • 7.6.3. Running Afick
      • 7.6.4. Securing Afick
      • 7.6.5. Updating Your Database
      • 7.6.6. Conclusion
      • 7.6.7. See Also
    • Hack #68. Check for Rootkits and Other Attacks
      • 7.7.1. Types of Rootkits
      • 7.7.2. Obtaining, Building, and Installing chkrootkit
      • 7.7.3. Running chkrootkit
      • 7.7.4. Automating chkrootkit
      • 7.7.5. Summary
      • 7.7.6. See Also
  • 8. Troubleshooting and Performance
    • 8.1. Hacks 69–77: Introduction
    • Hack #69. Find Resource Hogs with Standard Commands
      • 8.2.1. What About Disk Hogs?
      • 8.2.2. Bandwidth Hogging
    • Hack #70. Reduce Restart Times with Journaling Filesystems
      • 8.3.1. Journaling Filesystems 101
      • 8.3.2. Journaling Filesystems Under Linux
      • 8.3.3. Converting Existing Filesystems to Journaling Filesystems
      • 8.3.4. Summary
      • 8.3.5. See Also
    • Hack #71. Grok and Optimize Your System with sysctl
    • Hack #72. Get the Big Picture with Multiple Displays
      • 8.5.1. See Also
    • Hack #73. Maximize Resources with a Minimalist Window Manager
      • 8.6.1. Getting and Installing Fluxbox
      • 8.6.2. Start Me Up, Scotty!
      • 8.6.3. Configure Fluxbox
      • 8.6.4. The Slit
      • 8.6.5. Make It Pretty!
      • 8.6.6. Minimal Hassle
      • 8.6.7. See Also
    • Hack #74. Profile Your Systems Using /proc
      • 8.7.1. The Code
    • Hack #75. Kill Processes the Right Way
      • 8.8.1. Killing Processes in the Right Order
      • 8.8.2. Stopping and Restarting a Process
      • 8.8.3. The Last Resort
      • 8.8.4. See Also
    • Hack #76. Use a Serial Console for Centralized Access to Your Systems
      • 8.9.1. The Options
      • 8.9.2. Start at the Beginning: The Bootloader
      • 8.9.3. Putting It All Together
      • 8.9.4. Where to Go from Here
      • 8.9.5. See Also
    • Hack #77. Clean Up NIS After Users Depart
      • 8.10.1. The Code
      • 8.10.2. Running the Code
  • 9. Logfiles and Monitoring
    • 9.1. Hacks 78–88: Introduction
    • Hack #78. Avoid Catastrophic Disk Failure
    • Hack #79. Monitor Network Traffic with MRTG
      • 9.3.1. Requirements
      • 9.3.2. Installation
      • 9.3.3. Automating MRTG
      • 9.3.4. See Also
    • Hack #80. Keep a Constant Watch on Hosts
    • Hack #81. Remotely Monitor and Configure a Variety of Networked Equipment
      • 9.5.1. The Code
      • 9.5.2. Running the Code
    • Hack #82. Force Standalone Apps to Use syslog
    • Hack #83. Monitor Your Logfiles
      • 9.7.1. Using log-guardian
      • 9.7.2. Using logcheck
    • Hack #84. Send Log Messages to Your Jabber Client
      • 9.8.1. The Code
      • 9.8.2. Running the Code
    • Hack #85. Monitor Service Availability with Zabbix
      • 9.9.1. Dependencies
      • 9.9.2. Installing Zabbix
      • 9.9.3. Monitoring Hosts
      • 9.9.4. Mapping the Network
      • 9.9.5. The Details
    • Hack #86. Fine-Tune the syslog Daemon
      • 9.10.1. Making Sense of syslog.conf
      • 9.10.2. Real-Time Alerts from the System Log
      • 9.10.3. Centralizing Logs for Convenient Access
      • 9.10.4. See Also
    • Hack #87. Centralize System Logs Securely
      • 9.11.1. Getting Started
      • 9.11.2. Creating Your Encryption Certificates
      • 9.11.3. Configuring stunnel
      • 9.11.4. Configuring syslog-ng
      • 9.11.5. Testing
      • 9.11.6. Where Next?
      • 9.11.7. See Also
    • Hack #88. Keep Tabs on Systems and Services
      • 9.12.1. Enter Nagios
      • 9.12.2. Hosts, Services, and Contacts, Oh My!
      • 9.12.3. See Also
  • 10. System Rescue, Recovery, and Repair
    • 10.1. Hacks 89–100: Introduction
    • Hack #89. Resolve Common Boot and Startup Problems
      • 10.2.1. Check BIOS Settings
      • 10.2.2. Fixing Runlevel or X Window System Problems
      • 10.2.3. Regenerating a Default X Window System Configuration File
      • 10.2.4. Booting to Single-User Mode
      • 10.2.5. Resolving Filesystem Consistency Problems
      • 10.2.6. See Also
    • Hack #90. Rescue Me!
      • 10.3.1. Downloading and Burning the Rescue Disk
      • 10.3.2. Using the Rescue CD
      • 10.3.3. See Also
    • Hack #91. Bypass the Standard Init Sequence for Quick Repairs
    • Hack #92. Find Out Why You Can't Unmount a Partition
      • 10.5.1. Background
      • 10.5.2. Finding Processes That Are Using a Filesystem
      • 10.5.3. Listing Open Files
      • 10.5.4. Summary
      • 10.5.5. See Also
    • Hack #93. Recover Lost Partitions
      • 10.6.1. Looking for Partitions
      • 10.6.2. Writing the Partition Table
      • 10.6.3. See Also
    • Hack #94. Recover Data from Crashed Disks
      • 10.7.1. Popular Disk Failure Modes
      • 10.7.2. Attempt to Read Block from Filesystem Resulted in Short Read…
      • 10.7.3. Standard Filesystem Diagnostics and Repair
      • 10.7.4. Removing an ext3 Filesystem's Journal
      • 10.7.5. Cloning a Bad Disk Using ddrescue
      • 10.7.6. Checking the Restored Disk
      • 10.7.7. See Also
    • Hack #95. Repair and Recover ReiserFS Filesystems
      • 10.8.1. Correcting a Damaged ReiserFS Filesystem
      • 10.8.2. Identifying Files and Directories in the ReiserFS lost+found
      • 10.8.3. See Also
    • Hack #96. Piece Together Data from the lost+found
      • 10.9.1. Exploring the lost+found
      • 10.9.2. Recovering Directories from the lost+found
      • 10.9.3. Recovering Recognizable Groups of Files
      • 10.9.4. Examining Individual Files
      • 10.9.5. Summary
      • 10.9.6. See Also
    • Hack #97. Recover Deleted Files
      • 10.10.1. Preventing Additional Changes to the Partition
      • 10.10.2. Looking for the Missing Data
      • 10.10.3. See Also
    • Hack #98. Permanently Delete Files
      • 10.11.1. Using the shred Utility
      • 10.11.2. See Also
    • Hack #99. Permanently Erase Hard Disks
      • 10.12.1. Using shred to Wipe Hard Drives
      • 10.12.2. Using Darik's Boot and Nuke
      • 10.12.3. Summary
      • 10.12.4. See Also
    • Hack #100. Recover Lost Files and Perform Forensic Analysis
      • 10.13.1. Building and Installing The Sleuth Kit
      • 10.13.2. Building and Installing Autopsy and Related Software
      • 10.13.3. Using The Sleuth Kit to Recover Deleted Files
      • 10.13.4. Summary
      • 10.13.5. See Also
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